Persepolis Fortification Archive in the Encyclopaedia Iranica

The newly (April 9, 2010) relaunched Encyclopaedia Iranica has greatly enhanced search and display functions. It now allows open access to eighty-eight articles referring to the Persepolis Fortification Tablets:

• ĀŠBANAKKUŠ

  M. Mayrhofer

  name of an Iranian in the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.

• BATRAKATAŠ

  H. Koch

  place name, apparently the same as Pasargadae, which appears on the Elamite fortification tablets found at Persepolis.

• ARTAVARDIYA

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Persian personal name.

• ĀÇIYĀDIYA

  R. Schmitt

  (a-ç-i-y-a-di-i-y-), name of the ninth month (November-December) of the Old Persian calendar.

• ARTABĒ

  M. A. Dandamayev

  the Greek form of a Median and Old Persian measure of volume.

• ĀÇINA

  M. A. Dandamayev

  son of Upadarma, a rebel against Darius I.

• ANĀMAKA

  R. Schmitt

  name of the tenth month (December-January) of the Old Persian calendar.

• ADUKANAIŠA

  R. Schmitt

  a-du-u-k-n-i-š-), name of the first month (March-April) of the Old Persian calendar.

• GARMAPADA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of the fourth month (June-July) of the Old Persian calendar.

• ARTYSTONE

  R. Schmitt

  Persian female personal name.

• BĀGAYĀDIŠ

  R. Schmitt

  name of the seventh month (September-October) of the Old Persian calendar, mentioned in Darius I’s Behistun inscription.

• AMMITMANYA

  M. Mayrhoffer

  an Iranian, to whom were entrusted 215 (?) BAR of grain provided for provisions at Tukraš.

• ARTASYRAS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Greek rendering of an Old Iranian name.

• ASPASTES

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Greek form of an Old Persian name attested in the Achaemenid period.

• HALLOCK, RICHARD TREADWELL

  Charles E. Jones and Matthew W. Stolper

  (1906-1980), Elamitologist and Assyriologist, whose magnum opus, Persepolis Fortification Tablets, transformed the study of the languages and history of Achaemenid Persia.

• ARTACHAIĒS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Greek rendering of an Old Iranian name.

• ARABĀYA

  M. Dandamayev

  (Arabia), a province of the Achaemenid empire.

• PERSEPOLIS ELAMITE TABLETS

  Muhammad Dandamayev

  administrative records in Elamite inscribed on clay tablets. Parts of two archives of such tablets were discovered in Persepolis in 1933-34 and 1936-38.

• LEWIS, David Malcolm

  Amılie Kuhrt

  (1928-1994), distinguished historian and epigrapher of Greece in the fifth and fourth century BCE and, by extension, of the Achaemenid empire.

  This Article Has Images.

• CYRUS, ii. Cyrus I

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

• CARMANIA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  ancient region east of Fārs province, approximately equivalent to modern Kermān. The Old Persian form is attested only once in inscriptions.

• ASPAČANĀ

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes.

• ARTYPHIOS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  or ARTYBIOS, Greek rendering of an Old Persian name.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.

• ARTABAZUS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Old Iranian personal name.

• EDUCATION i. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

• ARTABANUS

  M. A. Dandamayev

  Latinized form of an Old Persian proper name.

• ATOSSA

  R. Schmitt

  Achaemenid queen.

• GOBRYAS

  R

  the most widely known (Greek) form of the Old Persian name Gaub(a)ruva.

• FASĀ ii. Tall-e Żaḥḥāk

  JOHN F. HANSMAN

  This Article Has Images.

• ASTYAGES

  R. Schmitt

  the last Median king.

• GANZABARA

  Matthew W. Stolper

  (treasurer), title of provincial and sub-provincial financial administrators in the Achaemenid empire, extended to workers attached to Achaemenid treasuries; title of financial administrators in Parthian and Sasanian provinces; title of temple administra

• HAMĀRAKARA

  Muhammad A.Dandamayev

  (*hmāra-kara-, lit. “account-maker”), “bookkeeper,” an Old Iranian title attested in various sources of Achaemenid and later times.

• DĀTA

  R

  Old Iranian term for “law” attested both in Avestan texts (Old and Younger Av. dāta-) and in Achaemenid royal inscriptions.

• ĀΘRAVAN-

  M. Boyce

  (Avestan) “priest” regularly used to designate the priests as a social “class,” one of the three into which ancient Iranian society was theoretically divided.

• ARACHOSIA

  R. Schmitt

  province in the eastern part of the Achaemenid empire around modern Kandahār, which was inhabited by the Iranian Arachosians or Arachoti.

• HIDALI

  Matthew W. Stolper

  city and region in Elam (q.v.); a residence of Elamite kings in the early 7th century B.C.E., a regional administrative center thereafter.

• JĀMĀSPA

  W. W. Malandra

  an official at the court of Vīštāspa and an early convert of Zarathushtra, who, in the tradition became widely known for his wisdom.

• HERZFELD, ERNST iii. HERZFELD AND PERSEPOLIS

  Hubertus von Gall

  Herzfeld first visited Persepolis in November 1905 during his return from the Assur excavation. He returned to Persepolis during his expedition to Persia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, which lasted from February 1923 to October 1925.

• ĀMĀRGAR

  D. N. MacKenzie, M. L. Chaumont

  a Middle and New Persian word designating a person holding a particular administrative post.

• PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iii. ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Evidence from the Achaemenid period is considerable, but in authentic sources, the inscriptions of the kings themselves, fewer than fifty names are documented in their Old Persian form.

• DEIOCES

  R

  (Gk. Dēïókēs), name of a Median king.

• BYZANTIUM

  Jack Martin Balcer

  (Byzantion): contact with the Achaemenids (ca. 513-439 BCE). The Greek polis of Byzantium, in the European province of Thrace (OPers. Skudra), played a pivotal role in the Greco-Persian wars.

• HINZ, (A.) WALTHER

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  German scholar of Persian and Elamite studies (1906-1992).

  This Article Has Images.

• HYDARNES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Hydárnēs), rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna held by several historical persons of the Achaemenid period.

• COURTS AND COURTIERS i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

• HERZFELD, ERNST v. HERZFELD AND THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT IRAN

  Josef Wiesehöfer

  Herzfeld’s classical education, giving him familiarity with Greek and Latin literature, and his training in Oriental philology as well as in archeology and architectural techniques proved of great benefit in his study of pre-Islamic Iranian history and culture.

• AHURA MAZDĀ

  M. Boyce

  the Avestan name with title of a great divinity of the Old Iranian religion, who was subsequently proclaimed by Zoroaster as God.

• Greece, vii

  R

  vii. Greek Art and Architecture in Iran.

• MALIĀN

  Kamyar Abdi

  an important archeological site in the Kor River basin in central Fārs, identified as ancient Anshan, the highland capital of Elam.

  This Article Has Images.

• COMMERCE ii. In the Achaemenid period

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

• WEIGHTS AND MEASURES i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  A. D. H. Bivar

  This Article Has Images.

• SUSA iii. THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Remy Boucharlat

  The history of Persia before Cyrus and at the beginning of his reignindicate that Persian elements were present in the plain not far from Susa in the first decades of the 6th century.

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• DATAMES

  R

  Iranian personal name, reflecting Old Iranian *Dātama- or *Dātāma-, either a two-stem shortened form *Dāta-m-a- from a compound name like *Dātamiθra- or an unabridged compound *Dātāma-from *Dāta-ama-“to whom force is given.”

• ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

  Kamyar Abdi

  a major research center devoted to the study of the history, languages, and archeology of the ancient Near East, and Egypt.

• ELYMAIS

  John F. Hansman

  semi-independent state frequently subject to Parthian domination, which existed between the second century B.C.E. and the early third century C. E. in the territories of Ḵūzestān, in southwestern Persia.

• ARIYĀRAMNA

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  Old Persian proper name.

• ARCHEOLOGY ii. Median and Achaemenid

  D. Stronach

  This Article Has Images.

• CUNEIFORM SCRIPT

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  the conventional name for a system of writing ultimately derived from the pictographic script developed by the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia (Uruk) around 3000 B.C.E.

• ACHAEMENID RELIGION

  M. Boyce

  Greek writings establish with all reasonable clarity that the later Achaemenids were Zoroastrians; but the religion of the early kings has been much debated.

• ECONOMY iii. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

• ELAM v. Elamite language

  FRANÇOISE GRILLOT-SUSINI

• SHIRAZ i. HISTORY TO 1940

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  The city of Shiraz has been the capital of the province of Fārs since the Islamic conquest, succeeding Eṣṭaḵr (q.v.) of the Sasanian period and Persepolis (q.v.) of the Achaemenid days.

• DASCYLIUM

  Michael Weiskopf

  Achaemenid satrapy in northwestern Anatolia, part of the Persian empire until the 330s B.C.E.

• JAPAN vi. IRANIAN STUDIES IN JAPAN, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Takeshi Aoki

  Ancient Iranian studies in Japan started at the beginning of the 20th century in Tokyo and Kyoto independently.

• CONTRACTS

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev, Mansour Shaki, EIr

  (usually ʿaqd), legally enforceable undertakings between two or more consenting parties.

• INDIAN OCEAN

  D. T. Potts

  This entry will deal with the role of Indian Ocean in international trade in the following periods:

  i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Islamic Period. See Supplement.

• EPIGRAPHY i. Old Persian and Middle Iranian epigraphy

  Helmut Humbach

• FĀRS i. History in the Pre-Islamic Period

  Josef Wiesehöfer

• EPIGRAPHY ii. Greek inscriptions from ancient Iran

  Philip Huyse

• COOKING

  Multiple Authors

  i. In ancient Iran. ii. In Pahlavi literature. iii. Principles and ingredients of modern Persian cooking. iv. In Afghanistan.

• PASARGADAE

  David Stronach and Hilary Gopnik

  capital city and last resting place of Cyrus the Great (r. 559-530 BCE), located in northern Fārs.

  This Article Has Images.

• ELAM i. The history of Elam

  F. Vallat

• DARIUS, i.-iii.

  R

  (NPers. Darīūš, Dārā), name of several Achaemenid and Parthian rulers and princes.

• DARIUS, iv.-viii.

  Heleen Sanchisi-Weerdenburg, EIr, R

  iv. Darius II. v. Darius III. vi. Achaemenid princes. vii. Parthian princes. viii. Darius son of Artabanus.

• WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia

  Maria Brosius

• FIRE ALTARS

  Mark Garrison

  a term adopted by modern researchers to designate the stand upon which sacred fire was placed.

• BABYLONIA i. History of Babylonia in the Median and Achaemenid periods

  M. A. Dandamayev

  The Medes, under their king Cyaxares, first seized the Assyrian province of Arrapha in 614 B.C. Then, in the autumn of the same year, and after a fierce battle, they gained control of Assyria’s ancient capital, Assur. Nabopolassar brought his Babylonian army and joined the Medes after Assur had fallen.

• CAPITAL CITIES

  A. Shapur Shahbazi, C. Edmund Bosworth

  these centers played important diplomatic and administrative roles in Iranian history, closely linked to the fortunes of the ruling families.

• IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (1) Pre-Islamic (1.1) Overview

  Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  From the 2nd millennium BCE until Islam became dominant in Iran, a remarkable number of religious traditions existed there.

• IONIAN REVOLT

  E. Badian

  the unsuccessful uprising of the Greek cities of Asia Minor against Achaemenid control, 499-493 BCE. The main and almost the only source for the Revolt is Herodotus of Halicarnassus.

  This Article Has Images.

• MITHRA i. MITRA IN OLD INDIAN AND MITHRA IN OLD IRANIAN

  Hanns-Peter Schmidt

  Indo-Iranian god, with name based on the common noun mitrá “contract” with the connotations of “covenant, agreement, treaty, alliance, promise.”

• ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES

  Bruno Jacobs

  the administrative units of the Achaemenid empire.

• CALENDARS

  Antonio Panaino, Reza Abdollahy, Daniel Balland

  Although evidence of calendrical traditions in Iran can be traced back to the 2nd millennium b.c., before the lifetime of Zoroaster (see discussion of the Zoroas trian calendar below), the earliest calendar that is fully preserved dates from the Achaemenid period.

• IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic

  C. J. Brunner

  This survey focuses on the early phase of the Iranian-speaking peoples’ presence on the plateau, during the early state-building phase.

• ASSYRIA

  M. Dandamayev and È. Grantovskiĭ, M. Dandamayev, K. Schippmann

  i. The Kingdom of Assyria and its relations with Iran. ii. Achaemenid Aθurā. iii. Parthian Assur.

• Greece ii. Greco-Persian Cultural Relations

  Margaret C. Miller

  Here the evidence for receptivity to Persian culture in Greece, the North Aegean, and West Anatolia is addressed, including receptivity on the part of the non-Greek peoples of these regions.

  This Article Has Images.

• JAMŠID i. Myth of Jamšid

  PRODS OKTOR SKJAERVØ